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Table 9. Sources of Trace Mineralsa
MineralSourceMineral, %Remarks
IronFerrous sulfate20.8-32.9Excellent bioavailability
Ferric ammonium citrate16.5-18.5Good bioavailability
Ferrous fumarate32.9Good bioavailability
Ferric chloride20.7Mediocre bioavailability
Ferrous carbonate40-43Bioavailability varies
Ferric oxide57-61Limited bioavailability
CopperCupric carbonate57.5
Cupric chloride37.3
Cupric hydroxide65.1
Cupric oxide75-80Good to excellent bioavailability
Cupric sulfate25.2Excellent bioavailability
ManganeseManganese carbonate47.8All are good sources
Manganese chloride27.8
Manganese oxide60.0-60.6
Manganese sulfate27.0-28.4
Manganous sulfate32.5
ZincZinc carbonate56.0
Zinc carbonate 48.0Good shelf; Good to excellent bioavailability
Zinc oxide72-73
Zinc sulfate22.7-36.4Excellent bioavailability
IodineCalcium iodate62.0-65.1Excellent bioavailability
Potassium iodide68.7-68.9Not as stable as other forms
Cuprous iodide66.6
Pentacalcium orthoperiodate39.3
Ethylenediamine dihydriodide (EDDl)80.1
SeleniumSodium selenite45.6Both have good availability but both contain 24-27% sodium
Sodium selenate41.8
aAdapted from AFMA Feed Ingredient Guide.

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